This chapter provides up-to-date informative visuals on various tests used in the diagnosis of CKD, and the treatment modalities – medications, dialysis, renal transplantation, and gene therapy, represented through captivating and realistic animations.
Table of contents
1. Staging, Biological Factors and Erythropoiesis
1. Kidney - anatomy and function
2. The nephron
3. Urine formationk
4. CKD - introduction and symptoms
5. CKD staging
6. Erythropoietin (EPO) - synthesis and functions
7. Erythropoiesis
8. Erythropoietin receptors
9. End stage renal disease (ESRD)
10. Calcitriol - synthesis and functions
11. Hypoxia and kidney disease
12. Hypoxia and erythropoietin
13. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs)
14. Genes associated with CKD
15. The endothelin system in chronic kidney disease
2. Causes, Risk Factors and Complications
1. Complications of CKD
2. Anemia in CKD
3. Cystatin C in CKD
4. Importance of serum creatinine in CKD
5. Diabetes and CKD
6. Obesity and CKD
7. CKD due to hypertension
8. Microalbuminuria
9. Hematuria
10. CKD and cardiovascular disease
11. Smoking and kidney diseases
12. Polycystic kidney disease
13. Ischemic nephropathy
14. Rhabdomyolysis
15. Glomerulonephritis
16. Systemic lupus erythematosus in the development of CKD
3. Diagnosis and Treatment
1. Testing blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
2. Kidney biopsy to diagnose CKD
3. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
4. Creatinine clearance
5. Radionucleotide studies
6. Ultrasonography
7. Role of exogenous erythropoietin in the treatment of CKD
8. Continuous erythropoietin receptor activators
9. Recombinant EPO
10. Dialysis access
11. Hemodialysis
12. Peritoneal dialysis
13. Kidney transplantation
14. ACE inhibitors
15. Angiotensin-II receptor blockers
16. Vitamin D analogs
17. Gene therapy to treat CKD
18. Phosphate binders
19. Lanthanum CO3